While attempts were made to use many of the mineral preparations as drugs, most proved to be too toxic to be used in this manner. According to De materia medica, written by the Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century ad, verdigris (basic cupric acetate) and cupric sulfate were prescribed as medicinal agents. Workers at the school of alchemy that flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, in the 2nd century bc prepared several relatively purified inorganic chemicals, including lead carbonate, arsenic, and mercury. An herbal compendium, said to have been written in the 28th century bc by the legendary emperor Shennong, described the antifever capabilities of a substance known as chang shan (from the plant species Dichroa febrifuga), which has since been shown to contain antimalarial alkaloids (alkaline organic chemicals containing nitrogen). The oldest records of medicinal preparations made from plants, animals, or minerals are those of the early Chinese, Hindu, and Mediterranean civilizations. History The origin of medicines Medicines of ancient civilizations For a comprehensive description about the practice of medicine and the role of drug research in the health care industry, see medicine. For further information about drugs, see drug. The following sections provide a detailed explanation of the progression of drug discovery and development throughout history, the process of drug development in the modern pharmaceutical industry, and the procedures that are followed to ensure the production of safe drugs. The continual evolution and advancement of the pharmaceutical industry is fundamental in the control and elimination of disease around the world. Identifying new drug targets, attaining regulatory approval from government agencies, and refining techniques in drug discovery and development are among the challenges that face the pharmaceutical industry today. The unification of research in the 20th century in fields such as chemistry and physiology increased the understanding of basic drug-discovery processes. The modern era of the pharmaceutical industry-of isolation and purification of compounds, chemical synthesis, and computer-aided drug design-is considered to have begun in the 19th century, thousands of years after intuition and trial and error led humans to believe that plants, animals, and minerals contained medicinal properties. Pharmaceutical industry, the discovery, development, and manufacture of drugs and medications ( pharmaceuticals) by public and private organizations. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.
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